The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research facility currently being assembled The Assembly of the International Space Station is a major aerospace engineering endeavour currently being conducted in Low Earth orbit by a consortium of governmental and inter-governmental space agencies in Low Earth Orbit A low Earth orbit is generally defined as an orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2,000 km. Given the rapid orbital decay of objects below approximately 200 km, the commonly accepted definition for LEO is between 160 - 2,000 km (100 - 1,240 miles) above the Earth's surface. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled to be complete by 2011, with operations continuing until at least 2015.[6] The ISS orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi A mile is a unit of length in a number of different systems. In contemporary English, mile most commonly refers to the statute mile of 5,280 feet or the nautical mile of 1,852 meters (about 6,076.1 ft). There are many other historical miles, and similar units in other systems translated as miles in English, varying between one and fifteen) above the surface of the Earth,[7][8][9] travelling at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres (17,227 mi) per hour, completing 15.7 orbits In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body, for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star per day.[7] The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye,[10] and, as of 2009[update], is the largest artificial satellite in Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system, and the largest of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System in terms of diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to as the World, the Blue Planet,[note 3] and Terra.[note 4] orbit, with a mass larger than that of any previous space station A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. To date, only low earth orbital stations have been implemented, otherwise known as orbital stations. A space station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities—instead, other vehicles are used as.[11]
The ISS is a joint project among the space agencies of the United States (National Aeronautics and Space Administration The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program. NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on—NASA), Russia (Russian Federal Space Agency The Russian Federal Space Agency , often abbreviated as the FKA (ФКА), RKA (РКА), and often shortened to Roscosmos (Роскосмос Roskosmos) is the government agency responsible for the Russian space science programme and general aerospace research. It was previously the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Russian: Российское а—RKA), Japan (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , or JAXA, is Japan's national aerospace agency. JAXA was formed on October 1, 2003, as an Independent Administrative Institution through the merger of three previously independent organizations. JAXA is responsible for research, development and launch of satellites into orbit, and is fundamentally involved—JAXA), Canada (Canadian Space Agency The Canadian Space Agency is the Canadian government space agency responsible for Canada's space program. It was established in March 1989 by the Canadian Space Agency Act and sanctioned in December 1990. The Chief Executive Officer of the agency is the President who reports to the Minister of Industry—CSA) and ten European nations (European Space Agency The European Space Agency , established in 1975, is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 18 member states. Headquartered in Paris, ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €3.6 billion in 2009—ESA).[12][a] The Brazilian Space Agency The Brazilian Space Agency is the heir to Brazil's space program. Previously, the program had been under the control of the Brazilian military; the program was transferred into civilian control on 10 February 1994 (AEB) participates through a separate contract with NASA.[13] The Italian Space Agency The Italian Space Agency was founded in 1988 to promote, coordinate, and conduct space activities in Italy. Operating under the Ministry of the Universities and Scientific and Technological Research, the Agency cooperates with numerous international and Italian entities, who are active in space technology, and with the Italian President of the (ASI) similarly has separate contracts for various activities not done within the framework of ESA's ISS projects (where Italy Italy /ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The also fully participates).[14] China has reportedly expressed interest in the project, especially if it would be able to work with the RKA The Russian Federal Space Agency , often abbreviated as the FKA (ФКА), RKA (РКА), and often shortened to Roscosmos (Роскосмос Roskosmos) is the government agency responsible for the Russian space science programme and general aerospace research. It was previously the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Russian: Российское а, although as of 2009[update] it is not involved due to objections from the United States.[15][16]
The ISS has been continuously staffed since the first resident crew, Expedition 1 Human space flight entered a new era when the International Space Station received its first resident crew on November 2, 2000. The three-member Expedition 1 crew successfully launched October 31, 2000 atop a Soyuz-U rocket on Soyuz TM-31 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Their four-month tour aboard the ISS officially ended on March 18,, entered the station on 2 November 2000. This has provided an uninterrupted human presence in space for the last 8 years, 314 days.[17] Prior to May 2009, the station had the capacity for a crew of three. However, to fulfil an active research programme, since the arrival of Expedition 20 Expedition 20 is the twentieth long duration flight to the International Space Station. Soyuz TMA-15 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:34 UTC on May 27, 2009. The vehicle docked with the station on May 29, 2009, officially changing the station crew from Expedition 19 to Expedition 20, it has been staffed by a resident crew of six. The crew of Expedition 20 is currently aboard.[18][19] Resident crews utilise the station as an orbital laboratory, carrying out research across a wide variety of fields, including biology Biology is the science of studying living organisms. Prior to the nineteenth century, biology came under the general study of all natural objects called natural history, human biology Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. The human biology major was founded in 1970 at Stanford University, physics Physics is a natural science; it is the study of matter and its motion through spacetime and all that derives from these, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world and universe behave, astronomy Astronomy (from the Greek words astron , "star" and -nomy from nomos (νόμος), "law") is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, and meteorology Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting (in contrast with climatology). Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century saw breakthroughs occur after observing.[20][21] The station also provides a safe testing location for efficient, reliable spacecraft systems that will be required for long-duration missions to the Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometres , about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. The common centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located at about 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi)—a quarter and Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, due to iron oxide prevalent on its surface.[22]
The station consists of a number of pressurised modules and unpressurised components, which have been launched by Space Shuttle NASA's Space Shuttle, officially named the Space Transportation System , is a spacecraft currently used by the United States for orbital human spaceflight missions. It began operations in the 1980s and is scheduled to be retired from service in 2010 after over 130 launches. Major missions have included launching numerous satellites and, Soyuz Soyuz is a family of expendable launch systems developed by OKB-1, and manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara, Russia. They are used as the launcher for the manned Soyuz spacecraft as part of the Soyuz program, as well as to launch unmanned Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and for commercial launches marketed and rocket or Proton The Proton rocket (formal designation: UR-500) is a rocket used in an expendable launch system for both commercial and Russian government launches. The first Proton was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2009, which makes it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. All Protons are built at rocket. The ISS is serviced by a wide variety of manned and unmanned spacecraft, including the Soyuz Soyuz ; English: Union) is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolyov Design Bureau. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet Manned Lunar program. The first unmanned Soyuz mission was launched November 28, 1966; the first Soyuz mission with a crew (Soyuz 1) was spacecraft, Progress The Progress is a Russian expendable freighter spacecraft. The spacecraft is an unmanned resupply spacecraft during its flight but upon docking with a space station it allows astronauts inside, hence it is classified manned by the manufacturer. It was derived from the Soyuz spacecraft, and is launched with the Soyuz rocket. It is currently used to spacecraft, Space Shuttle and Automated Transfer Vehicle The Automated Transfer Vehicle or ATV is an expendable, unmanned resupply spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency . ATVs are designed to supply the International Space Station (ISS) with propellant, water, air, payload and experiments. In addition, ATVs can reboost the station into a higher orbit, and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 16 different nations This is a list of visitors to the International Space Station in alphabetical order. Station crew names are in bold. The suffix refers to the individual's number of ISS visits, not his or her total number of space flights. Entries without a flag symbol indicate that the person was an American citizen at launch. The various sections of the station are controlled by several mission control centres on the ground, including MCC-H NASA's Mission Control Center , at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, in Houston, Texas manages all manned space flight of NASA, including the U.S. portions of the International Space Station (ISS). From the moment a spacecraft clears its launch tower until it lands back on earth, it is in the hands of Mission Control. The Mission Control Center, TsUP A Mission Control Center is an entity that manages aerospace vehicle flights. The MCC is often part of a national aerospace agency or a large aerospace company. There are several such national agencies in the world, the top four being:, Col-CC The Columbus Control Centre is the Mission Control Center which is used to control the European Columbus research laboratory, which is part of the International Space Station . The control centre is located at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) facility in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, Germany. The centre is operated by the DLR, under contract from, ATV-CC, JEM-CC A Mission Control Center is an entity that manages aerospace vehicle flights. The MCC is often part of a national aerospace agency or a large aerospace company. There are several such national agencies in the world, the top four being:, HTV-CC A Mission Control Center is an entity that manages aerospace vehicle flights. The MCC is often part of a national aerospace agency or a large aerospace company. There are several such national agencies in the world, the top four being: and MSS-CC A Mission Control Center is an entity that manages aerospace vehicle flights. The MCC is often part of a national aerospace agency or a large aerospace company. There are several such national agencies in the world, the top four being:.[23]
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Times of the Internet
The US space agency says it will televise the launch of a Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft this month and its mission to the International Space Station . ...
Soyuz TMA 16 to take off on September 30 Federal Space Agency ITAR-TASS
NASA TV Provides Coverage of Next Soyuz Launch and Landing Events PR Newswire (press release)
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International Orbiter Space Station
Staff Reports
hu, 10 Sep 2009 05:20:26 GM
Sky-watchers have chance to see . International Space Station. . Staff Reports. Posted: 09/10/2009 12:00:00 AM PDT. North valley sky-watchers will have a chance to see an unusual sight between now and Sunday. ...
Q. I Have To Do This Report on The International Space Station and I need a model So Anybody who has pics tips of Ideas Please Answer!!!
Asked by Red Sox Man - Wed Dec 5 13:05:23 2007 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. If you look at the station pictures or plans that answer 1 excellently suggests, you will see that almost the entire thing consists of cylinders with rounded ends and flat solar arrays and antenna and most of the cylinders are the same size (the size of a MIR module). So if you make it not too large, you don't need a lot of detail and can get wooden dowel or styrofoam rod and shape it pretty quickly, using wires or pins to hold the cylinders end on end and side by side. The flat items can be cut from file card or shirt cardboard weight paper and a few details be sketched with pencil or pen. Wires can be shaped and poked for some of the antenna structures and sensor probes. If it is easier for you, you could get some air dry/baking… [cont.]
Answered by mike1942f - Wed Dec 5 14:18:14 2007
